In today’s culture, individuality, self-expression, and ardent exploration are celebrated far beyond the standards of the 19th century. However, there was at least one little-known pioneer who served as a foretold inspiration for generations to follow. A daughter of circumstance and a self-inspired adventurer, Isabelle Eberhardt devoted her life to seeing, being, and doing more than the peers of her era. Eberhardt packed a lot of adventure into her brief life — she died at 27 — dressing as a man when she abandoned her European upbringing to devote her life to Islam and roam the deserts of North Africa, writing both fiction and nonfiction about her travels. Today’s Daily Dose explores the life of the intrepid traveler, and how she fueled her lust for adventure.
In A Nutshell
Cultural Immersion
The French colonists in Algeria didn’t know what to make of Isabelle Eberhardt. The Swiss-born explorer and writer had multiple affairs, drank and smoked kef, a potent form of hashish. In her journal, Eberhardt wrote, “I’ve often been criticized for liking too well the ordinary run of people. But where I ask, is life, if not among the people?”
Ahead of Her Time
“Imagine Prince, Bowie: They all enjoyed ambiguity and a certain amount of exhibitionism,” says Annette Kobak, author of Isabelle: The Life of Isabelle Eberhardt. “A millennial generation would appreciate that a lot [about Eberhardt]. She was a pioneer and she was genuinely trying to live her authentic life.”
A Free Spirit
Fille Naturelle
Eberhardt was born in 1877, in Geneva, to a Russian mother who had ditched her husband, a general, to run off with Alexander Trophimowsky, her children’s tutor. Rumors that Isabelle was illegitimate abounded, bolstered by the fact that her mother had registered her as a fille naturelle, or illegitimate child, and that she bore her mother’s surname. That uncertainty, and the attendant gossip, bred a melancholy streak in young Isabelle. But Trophimowsky raised her as his own, and historians believe she was most likely his biological child.
Wanderlust
The restless Eberhardt was described by neighbors as a “little wild animal” who did whatever took her fancy. Besides Russian and French, Trophimowsky taught her Latin, Italian and Arabic. By the time she was 16, Eberhardt had read the entire Quran. Captivated by the stories of “the Orient,” Eberhardt decided to travel to see these lands. She published her first short story, “Vision of the Maghreb,” at age 18.
Eberhardt started dressing as a man, cutting her hair short and wearing trousers. Trophimowsky supported her decision, remarking that pants were more practical when riding horses and chopping wood.
Among the People
A Weary Traveler
After her parents died, the 22-year-old Eberhardt started traveling the deserts of North Africa. She dressed as a man because women weren’t allowed to travel alone and renamed herself Si Mahmoud Saadi. She slept in tents alongside soldiers and hung out with men and mystics. A friend was once quoted as saying that when Eberhardt liked a man, she would “beckon him over and off they’d go.”
Finding Love
Eberhardt fell in love with an Algerian soldier, Slimane Ehnni, whom she later married. She continued traveling and became a war correspondent, chronicling the Moroccan-Algerian border clashes. She was the first woman ever to take part in the fantasia, a traditional desert horse race done at a gallop while firing a rifle.
Life and Death
A failed assassination attempt left Eberhardt with one arm almost severed, and she lost all her teeth. (Legend has it that she traveled with a gun, not a toothbrush.) As she wrote in her journal, “No one ever lived more from day to day than I.”
By late 1904, Eberhardt hadn’t seen Ehnni for almost eight months. When the couple reunited, they decided to spend the night in a small mud house. Unfortunately, their reunion was short-lived. The next morning, a flash flood destroyed almost half the town. Ehnni survived; Eberhardt did not. The waterlogged pages of her manuscripts were found strewn about. Despite her unfortunate demise, friend and French officer Hubert Lyautey facilitated the recovery of these papers, which were published posthumously as books still available today.
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Inspired by Isabelle
Isabelle’s Published Works
Isabelle’s love for travel and writing culminated in several works, many still available today, such as The Oblivion Seekers and In the Shadow of Islam – travel anthologies prouced from the manuscripts recovered following her death. Beyond her own works, her intriguing story has inspired films, musicals, and operas exploring the enigmatic Eberhardt.
Unseen Clouds
Isabelle’s story has been told in at least two films: The first was in a 1988 film called There Was An Unseen Cloud Moving, a travel biography inspired by Isabelle’s life. Directed by avant-garde filmmaker Leslie Thornton, the work is described as a “fragmented, experimental biography” featuring seven women portraying the protagonist and blends historical reenactment with rare surviving images.
A second 1991 film, appropriately named Isabelle Eberhardt, reimagines Isabelle’s story as a biographical drama by director Ian Pringle stars French actress Mathilda May as Isabelle Eberhardt and the legendary Peter O’Toole as Hubert Lyautley. Following the theatrical release, composer Paul Schutze released the standalone soundtrack, named after Eberhardt’s Oblivion Seekers.
Song from the Uproar
Continuing the trend of musical inspiration fueled by Isabelle’s story, American composer Missy Mazzoli composed the 2012 opera Song from the Uproar : The Lives and Death of Isabelle Eberhardt. As Mazzoli puts it, she was moved by the universality of Eberhardt’s struggles and passions even against 21st century standards. She was so taken by Eberhardt’s story that she also composed the score for Jay Anania’s film One Morning in 1904, appearing in Manhattan’s MoMA later this month.
